The Era of Exploration 1400-1700 Essay Example

The Era of Exploration: 1400-1700 Essay From 1400 to 1700 C.E. was known as the era of exploration. These European explorers, conquistadors, and settlers have changed the world with theyre amazing discoveries. People now want to stop celebrating these explorers and their great discoveries. One reason the explorers should still be celebrated is that they thought the Indians many new things. They also introduced them to new animals and crops. And finally they thought them a new culture, Christianity. The explorers should still be celebrated. The European explorers thought the Indians so much. In document 1 it states â€Å"Learned all the Spanish trades†. This shows the explorers thought the Indians about trade, and what to trade. Also stated in document 1 â€Å"Now they have planted all the trees and plants†. This shows that the europeans thought the Indians new things to plant for their crops. Finally stated in document 1 â€Å"Now they breed cattle of all sorts†. This shows that they thought the Indian s how to breed different types of cattle. This is how the Spanish helped the Indians but they’re other reasons why we should still celebrate the explorers. The explorers should still be celebrated is that the explorers introduced Indians to new animals and crops. According to document 3 it states â€Å"Began the exchange of plat and animal species†. This shows that the explorers have helped us by giving Indians new plants and animals. I know this has helped the Indians a lot because in document 3 it states â€Å"that have ultimately been of widespread benefit to people though out the globe†. This shows that the exchange has helped everyone by providing them with new things that they needed. I know the exchange help many people because in document 3 it states â€Å"was a process that brought benefits to all people†. This is another reason why the explorers should still be celebrated. We will write a custom essay sample on The Era of Exploration: 1400-1700 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Era of Exploration: 1400-1700 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Era of Exploration: 1400-1700 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Portugal brought their culture to the Indians and thought them a new culture. In document 4 it

Differences in American and Asian Culture essays

Differences in American and Asian Culture essays The family and cultural values of Asian countries and the United States are very different. However, those values in Asia differ dramatically among different countries. Therefore, it would be difficult to explain the values of Asia as whole, but rather, it would be easier to explain the values based in one country. Some of the most common countries people mention as part of Asia are Japan and China. These two countries are considered the most dominant in the Asian Continent. However, their values differ from one another. Therefore, you would have to choose between these two cultures and differing it with the United States culture. Beings a lot of business is done between the United States and Japan, it would seem most fittingly to differ these two countries in regards to their cultures. Many Americans travel to Japan each year for business related purposes, whether for a corporation or for the Armed Forces, whatever the case, Americans would spend part of their life in Japan. Americans must know that their cultures are different of those in Japan. For example, the family in Japan is considered closer than that compared to families in the United States, and marriages are also different from those in America. Also, certain behaviors that are of everyday use differ between these two countries. Weddings in America are different from those in Japan in some forms and comparable in others. In Japan, the grooms family is to send a formal letter to the brides family, requesting for the hand of the bride. Also, a letter is prepared and presented to the brides family on the day of the wedding to confirm and commemorate the official acceptance of the bride into the grooms family. In picking the wedding date, an astrologer is used to select an auspicious date for the wedding. On the wedding day, the grooms family sends out a whole bridal procession of musicians, servants, and relatives to fetch ...

The 5 Parts of Gaul

The 5 Parts of Gaul According to Julius  Caesar, ​Gaul was divided into three parts. Borders changed and not all ancient writers on the topic of Gaul are consistent, but it is probably more accurate for us to say all Gaul was divided into five parts, and Caesar knew them. Gaul was mostly north of the Italian Alps, the Pyrenees, and the Mediterranean Sea. To the east of Gaul lived Germanic tribes. To the west was what is now the English Channel (La Manche) and the Atlantic Ocean. Julius Ceasar and the Gauls When in the mid-first century B.C., Julius Caesar starts his book on the wars between Rome and the Gauls, he writes about these relatively unknown peoples: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur.All Gaul is divided into three parts, in one of which the Belgae live, in another, the Aquitaines, and in the third, the Celts (in their own language), [but] called the Galli [Gauls] in ours [Latin]. These three Gauls were in addition to the two Rome already knew very well. Cisalpine Gaul The Gauls on the Italian side of the Alps (Cisalpine Gaul) or Gallia Citerior Nearer Gaul lay north of the Rubicon River. The name Cisalpine Gaul was in use until around the time of Caesars assassination. It was also known as Gallia Togata because there were so many toga-clad Romans living there. Part of the area of Cisalpine Gaul was known as Transpadine Gaul because it lay north of the Padus (Po) river. The area was also referred to simply as Gallia, but that was before extensive Roman contact with the Gauls north of the Alps. According to the ancient historian, Livy (who hailed from Cisalpine Gaul), over-population-driven migration into the Italic peninsula came early on in Roman history, at the time Rome was ruled by its first Etruscan king, Tarquinius Priscus. Led by Bellovesus, the Gallic tribe of Insubres defeated the Etruscans in the plains around the Po River and settled in the area of modern Milan. There were other waves of martial Gauls- Cenomani, Libui, Salui, Boii, Lingones, and Senones. Senones Defeats the Romans In around 390 B.C., Senones- living in what was later called the ager Gallicus (Gallic field) strip along the Adriatic, led by Brennus- defeated the Romans at the banks of the Allia  before capturing the city of Rome and besieging the Capitol. They were persuaded to leave with a hefty payment of gold. About a century later, Rome defeated the Gauls and their Italian allies, the Samnites, as well as Etruscans and Umbrians, on Gallic territory. In 283, the Romans defeated the Galli Senones and established their first Gallic colony (Sena). In 269, they set up another colony, Ariminum. It wasnt until 223 that the Romans crossed the Po to battle successfully against the Gallic Insubres. In 218, Rome established two new Gallic colonies: Placentia to the south of the Po, and Cremona. It was these disaffected Italian Gauls that Hannibal hoped would help with his efforts to defeat Rome. Transalpine Gaul The second area of Gaul was the area beyond the Alps. This was known as Transalpine Gaul or Gallia Ulterior Further Gaul and Gallia Comata Long-haired Gaul. Ulterior Gaul sometimes refers specifically to the Provincia the Province, which is the southern section and is sometimes called Gallia Braccata for the trousers worn by inhabitants. Later it was called Gallia Narbonensis. Transalpine Gaul lay along the northern side of the alps across the Mediterranean coastline to the Pyrenees. Transalpine Gaul features the major cities of Vienna (Isà ¨re), Lyon, Arles, Marseilles, and Narbonne. It was important for Roman interests in Hispania (Spain and Portugal) because it allowed land access to the Iberian peninsula. The Many  Gauls When Caesar describes Gaul in his commentaries on the Gallic Wars, he starts by stating that all Gaul is divided into three parts. These three parts are beyond the area from which Provincia the Province was created. Caesar lists Aquitaines, Belgians, and Celts. Caesar had gone into Gaul as proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul, but then acquired Transalpine Gaul, and then went further, into the three Gauls, ostensibly to help out the Aedui, an allied Gallic tribe, but by the Battle of Alesia at the end of the Gallic Wars (52 B.C.) he had conquered all of Gaul for Rome. Under Augustus, the area was known as Tres Galliae the Three Gauls. These areas were developed into provinces of the Roman Empire, with slightly different names. Instead of the Celtae, the third was Lugdunensis- Lugdunum being the Latin name for Lyon. The other two areas kept the name Caesar had applied to them, Aquitani and Belgae, but with different borders. Alpine Regions: Alpes MaritimaeRegnum CottiiAlpes GraiaeVallis Poenina Gaul Proper: NarbonensisAquitaniaLugdunensisBelgicaGermania inferiorGermania superior Sources Gallia Cisalpina  Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography  (1854) William Smith, LLD, Ed.The Beginnings of Rome, by T.J. Cornell (1995).Keatika: Being Prolegomena to a Study of the Dialects of Ancient GaulJoshua Whatmough   Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 55, (1944), pp. 1-85.

Decision makin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decision makin - Essay Example This section reports on decision to implement an e-supply chain by Jaguar Land Rover through analysis of sources of information for making the decision, evaluation of the available information, and explains appropriate communication of the information to help managers in making the decision. Available sources of information Multiple sources of information exist for making decision on application of e-supply chain by Jaguar Land Rover. The company’s customers form the first source of information. As the end user of the products, the customers determine the quantity of products to be availed at different points of a supply chain at given times. The customers’ locations and preferences also influence decisions on supply chains for utility objectives. Competitors are another set of information source as they determine competitiveness of the industry. Based on customers’ preferred choice of supply chain and trend in demand, information on competitors’ supply ch ains is necessary in determining the most suitable option that can gain Jaguar Land Rover an advantage over the competitors. Competitors’ intentions for new approaches to supply chain are another source of information for planning purposes. Another source of information for the decision is professional bodies and experts who can offers vast information of financial and legal scope of available supply chain options. Financial information involves cost of installation and implementation of different supply chain alternatives and information on legal scopes include rights and liabilities that can emanate from implementation of available supply chain options and involved contracts. Other sources of information include â€Å"industry and trade associations,† â€Å"conferences and trips, superiors and board members† and other members of the organization (Auster and Choo 1994, p. 211). Analysis of available information through decision-making models One of the availabl e information about the company is its ownership that exclusively belongs to TATA and which means that TATA’s interest must be incorporated in the decision making process. Jaguar Land Rover is also a major player in the competitive motor vehicle industry, a position that identifies competitors, their initiatives, and potential supply chain alternatives as significant information. The company’s target market that is the set of luxurious consumers who are majorly dignitaries and the royal class is also significant to the decision making process. Jaguar Land Rover has also witnessed expanding market in the international scope. Stakeholders’ interest in the company’s operations such as workers’ job safety and impact of the company’s operations on the economy are other fundamental information for the decision because the stakeholders have power, both directly and indirectly, to influence the management’s decision to implement or rescind of fered recommendations on e-supply chain for the company (Mottram and Pierron n.d., n.p.). Analysis using the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART technique) The Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique, also referred to as SMART techniques for decision-making, offers a basis for analyzing the company’s available information. The decision making model depends on variables’ values and chances of occurrences upon which weights are attached to variables and cumulative values for each alternative determined for decision. The first step in implementing the decision model is

Barging Power of Buyer in Apple Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Barging Power of Buyer in Apple Inc - Essay Example It thus becomes vital for the company to change the prices of the commodities to accommodate the financial condition of the consumers. When they lower these prices, the consumers continue shopping steadily in the company. Purchases product volume is another critical aspect to consider regarding the bargaining power of the consumer. When Apple produces a commodity and it does not have many purchases, it has no option but to follow the prices that the consumers are willing to offer for it (Hill 143). When the company changes or rather adjusts the prices to suit the consumer, it definitely experiences an increase in purchases product volume. Customer loyalty is another integral concept. For Apple to continue sustaining the consumers that it has, it is appropriate and advisable for the company to set appropriate prices. Failure to set appropriate prices would see the customers failing to purchase commodities from the company. This leads to the company obliging to the bargaining power of the customers and lowering the prices. Companies have always worked effectively to see to it that they achieve large profit margins. However, consumers through their bargaining power have countered this

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Essay Example for Free

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Essay The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993 is a federal law to provide employees time off of work for due to medical and family reasons. Reasons include: the birth or adoption of a child, an employee’s grave medical condition which prevents the employee from doing his/her job, or attending to the serious medical condition of a child, parent, or spouse. This leave is unpaid and requires employees to have been employed with the employer for at least one year. The employee is permitted to maintain health insurance during the duration of the leave. In the first scenario, the employee, who had worked for the company for two years, took family medical leave because his wife gave birth to premature twins. The employee returned to work a week early, per request. He was permitted to return to his position with his same rate of pay. The employee does not think is fair that he did not receive pay during the time he was on family medical leave. Lastly, the scenario includes that there is a new department manager. The employee rightfully received the leave time because he was employed with the company for at least one year and had a legitimate excuse. He was rightfully given back his job position and rate of pay as specified in FMLA regulations. The company was right in this case not to pay the employee for the eleven week leave. The only way for him to receive any sort of pay was if he had any sick or vacation time that could be cashed out. The new manager has nothing to do with this scenario since all FMLA regulations were followed. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) places very strict regulations on business regarding the employees and hiring practices for individuals age forty and over. Businesses are not allowed to discriminate due to age during the hiring process or withhold raises and promotions of existing employees. Scenario two explains that a 68 year-old employee was passed up on a promotion even though his work was above average. The promotion was given to an employee who was younger and who performed average work. This scenario violates the ADEA regulation regarding promotions. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1967) clearly explains that businesses cannot â€Å"limit, segregate, or classify his employees in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individuals age†. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 also regulates businesses’ hiring and employment practices regarding individuals with disabilities. No discrimination can occur as a result of a disability unless it places other individuals in an immediate safety threat. Reasonable accommodations must also be met to ensure that the employee will be able to perform the job given. The last scenario describes an applicant in a wheelchair. The applicant was not hired because the business would have to adjust the height of half of their elevator controls. The business said that this was beyond reasonable accommodations. The applicant’s rights were violated in this scenario. Lowering the elevator controls is not unreasonable. The U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission (2008) explains that reasonable accommodation includes â€Å"making existing facilities used by employees readily accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities†. References The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Pub. L. No. 90-202 The U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission. (2008). Facts about the Americans with Disabilities Act. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-ada.html

Essay examples --

Background Hypovolemic shock in trauma victims is a life-threatening condition. In the prehospital environment, EMS providers treat hypovolemic shock by attempting to control hemorrhage and by providing fluid resuscitation with crystalloid solutions. It has long been debated which crystalloid solution provides the ideal fluid resuscitation for victims of traumatic hypovolemic shock; whether it be solutions with similar concentration to human blood (isotonic solutions), or whether fluids should be of higher crystalloid concentration (hypertonic solutions). This report will review the current data on hypertonic versus near isotonic fluid resuscitation for victims of traumatic hypovolemic shock. The main source for this report is a Cochrane Review by Bunn, Roberts, Tasker, and Daksha, 2004. Issues In Trauma Fluid Resuscitation Early Aggressive Fluid Resuscitation According to the National Association of EMS Physicians, older resuscitation outcomes used to call for aggressive fluid resuscitation, typically, 2L IV wide open. More recent studies have found that excessive fluid administration in the prehospital setting can lead to poorer patient outcomes (National Association of EMS Physicians). A prospective trial conducted by Bickell et al. (1994), comparing delayed and immediate fluid resuscitation in 598 patients with penetrating torso injuries and prehospital systolic blood pressures less than 90 mm HG, found that delay of aggressive fluid resuscitation until surgical interventions were available improved patient outcome. Hypotensive Fluid Resuscitation An alternative to aggressive fluid resuscitation is hypotensive fluid resuscitation. A 2011 study by Morrison et al., looking at the clinical outcomes of the first 90 patie... ...2007). Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4. [Art. No.: CD000567. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub3] Shackford S, Sise M, Fridlund P, Rowley W, Peters R, Virgilio R, & Brimm J. (1983). Hypertonic sodium lactate versus lactated ringers solution for intravenous fluid therapy in operations on the abdominal aorta. Surgery, 94 (1), 41-51. Shenkin H, Bezier H, & Bouzarth W. (1976). Restricted fluid intake: rational management of the neurosurgical patient. Journal of Neurosurgery, 45 (4), 432–36. Simma B, Burga R, Falk M, Sacher P, & Fanconi S. (1998) A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of fluid management in children with severe head injury: lactated ringer’s solution versus hypertonic saline. Critical Care Medicine, 26(7), 1265–70. Essay examples -- Background Hypovolemic shock in trauma victims is a life-threatening condition. In the prehospital environment, EMS providers treat hypovolemic shock by attempting to control hemorrhage and by providing fluid resuscitation with crystalloid solutions. It has long been debated which crystalloid solution provides the ideal fluid resuscitation for victims of traumatic hypovolemic shock; whether it be solutions with similar concentration to human blood (isotonic solutions), or whether fluids should be of higher crystalloid concentration (hypertonic solutions). This report will review the current data on hypertonic versus near isotonic fluid resuscitation for victims of traumatic hypovolemic shock. The main source for this report is a Cochrane Review by Bunn, Roberts, Tasker, and Daksha, 2004. Issues In Trauma Fluid Resuscitation Early Aggressive Fluid Resuscitation According to the National Association of EMS Physicians, older resuscitation outcomes used to call for aggressive fluid resuscitation, typically, 2L IV wide open. More recent studies have found that excessive fluid administration in the prehospital setting can lead to poorer patient outcomes (National Association of EMS Physicians). A prospective trial conducted by Bickell et al. (1994), comparing delayed and immediate fluid resuscitation in 598 patients with penetrating torso injuries and prehospital systolic blood pressures less than 90 mm HG, found that delay of aggressive fluid resuscitation until surgical interventions were available improved patient outcome. Hypotensive Fluid Resuscitation An alternative to aggressive fluid resuscitation is hypotensive fluid resuscitation. A 2011 study by Morrison et al., looking at the clinical outcomes of the first 90 patie... ...2007). Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4. [Art. No.: CD000567. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub3] Shackford S, Sise M, Fridlund P, Rowley W, Peters R, Virgilio R, & Brimm J. (1983). Hypertonic sodium lactate versus lactated ringers solution for intravenous fluid therapy in operations on the abdominal aorta. Surgery, 94 (1), 41-51. Shenkin H, Bezier H, & Bouzarth W. (1976). Restricted fluid intake: rational management of the neurosurgical patient. Journal of Neurosurgery, 45 (4), 432–36. Simma B, Burga R, Falk M, Sacher P, & Fanconi S. (1998) A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of fluid management in children with severe head injury: lactated ringer’s solution versus hypertonic saline. Critical Care Medicine, 26(7), 1265–70.

Citibank Case

The supreme mortgages crisis In October 2007 affected Callback as Collector Incurred losses of $9. 83 billion for the last quarter of 2007. The ever-changing global economy encourages CitiBank to be more innovative to respond to new trends and customers' needs. It is an era of tough competition in which CitiBank has the duty to find ways to always increase operating efficiency while maintaining or even improving services to customers. There Is a rapid change In technology that requires CitiBank to respond to new customers' demand.For Instance, businesses demanded electronic Invoicing, automatic application of payments to accounts receivable and online payment guarantees. Due to the tough competition environment, if CitiBank is not able to provide such services, other banks could steal their customers. The Internet is probably the most important feature in the banking industry. Customers now prefer to run their transactions online because it Is more efficient and less time consuming.C itibank knew that this was vital to their success, and their balloons was to become the world's leading e-business enabler. Indeed, technology investments In the global financial service industry were growing at a rate of 4. % per year. CitiBank then implement an e-business strategy to deliver on its vision. 2. There are barriers to new entrants in the financial services industry, especially on the global market stage. Deutsche Bank and Callback were actually the two leading banks that Invested heavily in monitoring cash balances online.It requires a lot of Investment from other banks to be able to compete with these two giants of the industry. However, CitiBank is faced with a low level of rivalry from some Macs that build their own systems and look for ways to disintermediation banks. Also, several genealogy companies compete heavily by using their technological expertise and interests in providing new services. It exists a high bargaining power of customers because their needs an d expectations are changing rapidly. Indeed, In the financial services Industry, customers are everything.The bargaining power of suppliers Is medium due to the ability of CitiBank to acquire Lava Trading and other major electronic savvy companies in order to offer its institutional clients the benefits of the most sophisticated and robust electronic trading system in the market. There are no bustiest products in the financial services industry, and for the reasons mentioned above, this industry is unattractive if one is a new comer. However, for Institutions like Callback that enjoy a sustainable competitive advantage, It Is definitely an attractive Industry. . Among its main capabilities, CitiBank is able to manage some of their clients' duties such as managing their accounts receivables and payable. CitiBank has been able to become not only a bank but global financial institution by building a broad customer base, offering diverse products, actively participating in the community , ND recruiting staff and senior management from the local population. Moreover, CitiBank made continuous investment in technology to provide corporate customers the most cost-effective, cutting-edge, reliable, and secure solutions.Citibank's core competence would definitely be its customer service. Their focus on customers enabled them to acquire a significant market share. Customers' loyalty was driven by Citibank's commitment to excellence in its processing business. The bank was ranked higher than its competitors in the areas of accuracy, timeliness, accessibility, and responsiveness several years in a row. . CitiBank has several strengths, which include a global network, an innovative product offering, and an experienced staff group.Indeed, the bank operated in 100 countries, it offered a wide variety of products and services, and employed over 268,000 employees from which Transmission was staffed by world-class employees with expert knowledge of financial data. According to th e case, CitiBank didn't have many weaknesses. However, I could identify increased operating costs of between 2005 and 2006 that caused the laying off of 17,000 positions. On the other hand, there are opportunities available to CitiBank. The world's largest market, China is now liberalizing its market, giving CitiBank opportunities to enter this market.Also, CitiBank can improve its online presence because it has been more focused on the US market, which is actually its largest. However, with the BIB transfers, Citibank is able to expand its international activities. Like any other financial institution, threats come from foreign exchange fluctuations, unstable market conditions, and regulators. CitiBank also has to face competition from technology companies that use their expertise to provide new services. For now, CitiBank enjoys a sustainable competitive advantage until another bank is able to replicate what they are doing best on a global level.The source of this sustainable comp etitive advantage is their ability to reach a wide array of customers by offering a customer service of excellence but also a wide range of products and services. I think that what may hinder CitiBank to go forward might be the high costs associated to technology investments in the global financial service. It is growing at a significant rate per annum, obligating CitiBank to spend a lot of money acquiring new technology and getting rid of its people. It could get to a mint where talented employees do not want to work for CitiBank fearing lay offs. . CitiBank;s customers include Macs, financial institutions, government sectors, local corporations, and Seems. The bank has opportunities in other markets like China, India, and the European market. Indeed, in other countries the Internet on the cell phone is used differently. It is very common to see people making bank transactions through their cell phones. CitiBank should target some of their services to this particular group of custo mers. Instead of putting a big emphasis on its corporate customers, It snouts also consoler making e rots to meet Uninominal customers' needs. . CitiBank;s e-business strategy is based on the banks objective to become the world's leading e-business enabler. It adopted this strategy because it wanted to empower local, regional, and global customers and the business-to-business-to- consumer marketplace and provide solutions to help them take advantage of the efficiencies and opportunities created by e-commerce. The challenge will be to keep its operating costs at a reasonable level because technology investments in the global financial service industry are constantly increasing. Another challenge was forCitiBank to translate its traditional strengths to the Internet in a way that would add value for its customers. CitiBank was able to integrate products in new ways, build a new global infrastructure to deliver products and services online, and deploy Web- enabling access points to all ow customers to connect seamlessly to the bank. I think that CitiBank will be successful as long as they take advantage of all the opportunities available with the Internet and technology. If it wants to remain competitive, it has to stay ahead of its rivals in following up with new future customers trends in order to satisfy their needs.

Behavioural Approach Essay

The behavioural approach suggests that all behaviour is learnt. This includes abnormal behaviours. Behaviours can be learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning or modelling. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, where learning results from the association of stimuli with reflex responses. Classical conditioning can be used to explain the development of many abnormal behaviours, including phobias, anxiety disorders and taste aversions. An example of how classical conditioning might result in a phobia is the case of Little Albert. In an experiment carried out by Watson and Rayner, a 11 month old boy called ‘little Albert’ was taught to fear a white rat through associating it with a loud noise, a symbol behind his head. Each time he played with the rat the symbol would be hit which caused him to cry. Eventually he would do so even without the noise due to the classical conditioning theory. This research however, would not receive approval from an ethics committee today because it would be seen as unethical. Making the baby cry deliberately and teaching him to fear the rat would be seen as wrong because it could cause distress and would go against ‘little Alberts’ human rights. The theory of operant conditioning was proposed by Skinner. Operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of actions. Actions which have a good outcome through positive reinforcement (reward) or negative reinforcement (removal of something bad) will be repeated. Actions which have a bad outcome (punishment) will not be repeated. Operant conditioning explains how abnormal behaviours might be maintained. This could be through positive reinforcement; behaviours which have a good outcome by bringing some sort of reward are said to be positively reinforced. On the other hand it could be down to negative reinforcement which is behaviours which have a good outcome by removing something unpleasant are said to be negatively reinforced. Finally, abnormal behaviours could also be learnt through modelling or social learning, which is learning through observation of an individual. What happens is simply an individual models the behaviour and the observer imitates the model. A strength of the behavioural approach is that it can be experimentally tested. The principles of learning have been and continue to be tested empirically in a laboratory. The focus on observable behaviour means it can be objectively measured. A further strength is that unlike the psychodynamic approach, it doesn’t require delving into the past, which is problematic because it could unearth traumatic experiences which can produce unreliable data. However, those who support the psychodynamic approach suggests the behavioural model only focuses on symptoms, not on the underlying causes of abnormal behaviour. Freudians claim it treats the symptoms while ignoring the root cause of the problem. Therefore it cannot work as the problem will just represent itself with different symptoms. Whereas, the biological approach cannot explain cultural differences in abnormality such as culture-bound syndromes, a strength of the behavioural approach is that it can account for this because It accounts for cultural differences because it recognises the importance of the environment in shaping behaviour. While behavioural treatments are often effective for certain disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias, they have not been found to be effective for many other disorders and have also often been criticised for being unethical because treatment is often painful and uncomfortable and is sometimes imposed on individuals without their consent. The behavioural approach is accused of being reductionist and simplistic. This is because it’s a simple approach with connections of stimulus. It neglects the influence of cognitions (The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought and experience). A further limitation is that much behaviourist research involves animal studies. While behaviourists argue that humans are fundamentally the same as non-human animals, others would argue that the greater complexity of the human mind makes it difficult to generalise findings from animal studies to humans. Overall the behaviourist approach shows all behaviour to be learnt through our experiences. It states that this learning can either be learnt through classical or operant condition and also the social learning theory. It can be experimentally tested and proven which makes the approach credible however it can be seen just to treat the symptoms of a abnormal behaviour rather than looking at the cause.

Biography of Mary Jackson, NASAs First Female Black Engineer

Biography of Mary Jackson, NASA's First Female Black Engineer Mary Jackson (April 9, 1921 – February 11, 2005)  was an aerospace engineer and mathematician for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (later the National Aeronautics and Space Administration). She became NASA’s first black female engineer and worked to improve hiring practices for women at the administration. Fast Facts: Mary Jackson Full Name:  Mary Winston JacksonOccupation: Aeronautical engineer and mathematicianBorn: April 9, 1921 in  Hampton, VirginiaDied:  February 11, 2005 in Hampton,  VirginiaParents:  Frank and Ella WinstonSpouse:  Levi Jackson Sr.Children: Levi Jackson Jr. and Carolyn Marie Jackson LewisEducation: Hampton University, BA in mathematics and BA in physical science; further graduate training at the University of Virginia Personal Background Mary Jackson was the daughter of Ella and Frank Winston, from Hampton, Virginia. As a teenager, she attended the all-black George P. Phenix Training School and graduated with honors. She was then accepted to Hampton University, a private, historically black university in her hometown. Jackson earned dual bachelor’s degrees in mathematics and physical science and graduated in 1942. For a time, Jackson found only temporary employment and jobs that did not line up fully with her expertise. She worked as a teacher, a bookkeeper, and even as a receptionist at one point. Throughout this time- and, in fact, throughout her life- she also privately tutored high school and college students. In the 1940s, Mary married Levi Jackson. The couple had two children: Levi Jackson Jr. and Carolyn Marie Jackson (later Lewis). Computing Career Mary Jackson’s life continued in this pattern for nine years until 1951. That year, she became a clerk at the Office of the Chief Army Field Forces at Fort Monroe, but soon moved to another government job. She was recruited by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to be a â€Å"human computer† (formally, a research mathematician) in the West Computing group at the organization’s Langley, Virginia facility. For the next two years, she worked under Dorothy Vaughan in the West Computers, a segregated division of black female mathematicians. Mathematician Mary Jackson, the first black woman engineer at NASA poses for a photo at work at NASA Langley Research Center in 1977 in Hampton, Virginia.   Bob Nye / NASA / Getty Images In 1953, she began working for engineer Kazimierz Czarnecki in the Supersonic Pressure Tunnel. The tunnel was a crucial apparatus for research on aeronautical projects and, later, the space program. It functioned by generating winds so fast that they were nearly twice the speed of sound, which was used to study the effects of forces on models. Czarnecki was impressed by Jacksons work and encouraged her to get the qualifications necessary to be promoted to a full engineer position. However, she faced several obstacles to that goal. There had never been a black female engineer at NACA, and the classes Jackson needed to take in order to qualify weren’t easy to attend. The problem was that the graduate-level math and physics classes she needed to take were offered as night classes through the University of Virginia, but those night classes were held at the nearby Hampton High School, an all-white school. Jackson had to petition the courts for permission to attend those classes. She was successful and was permitted to finish the courses. In 1958, the same year that NACA became NASA, she was promoted to aerospace engineer, making history as the organization’s first black female engineer. Groundbreaking Engineer As an engineer, Jackson remained at the Langley facility, but moved over to work at the Theoretical Aerodynamics Branch of the Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division. Her work focused on analyzing data produced from those wind tunnel experiments as well as actual flight experiments. By gaining a better understanding of air flow, her work helped improve aircraft design. She also used her wind tunnel knowledge to help her community: in the 1970s, she worked with young African American children to create a mini version of a wind tunnel. Over the course of her career, Mary Jackson authored or co-authored twelve different technical papers, many about the results of the wind tunnel experiments. By 1979, she achieved the most senior position possible for a woman in the engineering department, but could not break through to management. Instead of remaining at this level, she agreed to take a demotion in order to work in the Equal Opportunity Specialist department instead. She received specialized training at NASA headquarters before returning to the Langley facility. Her work focused on helping women, black employees, and other minorities advance in their careers, advising them on how to get promotions and working to highlight those who were particularly high-achieving in their particular fields. During this time in her career, she held multiple titles, including Federal Women’s Program Manager in the Office of Equal Opportunity Programs and Affirmative Action Program Manager. In 1985, Mary Jackson retired from NASA at the age of 64. She lived for another 20 years, working in her community and continuing her advocacy and community engagement. Mary Jackson died on February 11, 2005 at the age of 83. In 2016, she was one of three main women profiled in Margot Lee Shetterly’s book Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race and its subsequent movie adaptation, in which she was portrayed by Janelle Mone. Sources â€Å"Mary Winston-Jackson. Biography, https://www.biography.com/scientist/mary-winston-jackson.Shetterly, Margot Lee. Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race. William Morrow Company, 2016.Shetterly, Margot Lee. â€Å"Mary Jackson Biography.† National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://www.nasa.gov/content/mary-jackson-biography.

Bulfinchs Version of the Story of Apollo and Daphne

Bulfinchs Version of the Story of Apollo and Daphne The slime with which the earth was covered by the waters of the flood produced an excessive fertility, which called forth every variety of production, both bad and good. Among the rest, Python, an enormous serpent, crept forth, the terror of the people, and lurked in the caves of Mount Parnassus. Apollo slew him with his arrows - weapons which he had not before used against any but feeble animals, hares, wild goats, and such game. In commemoration of this illustrious conquest he instituted the Pythian games, in which the victor in feats of strength, swiftness of foot, or in the chariot race was crowned with a wreath of beech leaves; for the laurel was not yet adopted by Apollo as his own tree. The famous statue of Apollo called the Belvedere represents the god after this victory over the serpent Python. To this Byron alludes in his Childe Harold, iv. 161: ...The lord of the unerring bow,The god of life, and poetry, and light,The Sun, in human limbs arrayed, and browAll radiant from his triumph in the fight.The shaft has just been shot; the arrow brightWith an immortals vengeance; in his eyeAnd nostril, beautiful disdain, and mightAnd majesty flash their full lightnings by,Developing in that one glance the Deity. Apollo and Daphne Daphne was​ Apollos first love. It was not brought about by accident, but by the malice of Cupid. Apollo saw the boy playing with his bow and arrows; and being himself elated with his recent victory over Python, he said to him, What have you to do with warlike weapons, saucy boy? Leave them for hands worthy of them, Behold the conquest I have won by means of them over the vast serpent who stretched his poisonous body over acres of the plain! Be content with your torch, child, and kindle up your flames, as you call them, where you will, but presume not to meddle with my weapons. Venuss boy heard these words, and rejoined, Your arrows may strike all things else, Apollo, but mine shall strike you. So saying, he took his stand on a rock of Parnassus, and drew from his quiver two arrows of different workmanship, one to excite love, the other to repel it. The former was of gold and sharp pointed, the latter blunt and tipped with lead. With the leaden shaft he struck the nymph Daphne , the daughter of the river god Peneus, and with the golden one Apollo, through the heart. Forthwith the god was seized with love for the maiden, and she abhorred the thought of loving. Her delight was in woodland sports and in the spoils of the chase. lovers sought her, but she spurned them all, ranging the woods, and taking no thought of Cupid nor of Hymen. Her father often said to her, Daughter, you owe me a son-in-law; you owe me grandchildren. She, hating the thought of marriage as a crime, with her beautiful face tinged all over with blushes, threw her arms around her fathers neck, and said, Dearest father, grant me this favour, that I may always remain unmarried, like Diana. He consented, but at the same time said, Your own face will forbid it. Apollo loved her, and longed to obtain her; and he who gives oracles to all the world was not wise enough to look into his own fortunes. He saw her hair flung loose over her shoulders, and said, If so charming, in disorder, what would it be if arranged? He saw her eyes bright as stars; he saw her lips, and was not satisfied with only seeing them. He admired her hands and arms, naked to the shoulder, and whatever was hidden from view he imagined more beautiful still. He followed her; she fled, swifter than the wind, and delayed not a moment at his entreaties. Stay, said he, daughter of Peneus; I am not a foe. Do not fly me as a lamb flies the wolf, or a dove the hawk. It is for love I pursue you. You make me miserable, for fear you should fall and hurt yourself on these stones, and I should be the cause. Pray run slower, and I will follow slower. I am no clown, no rude peasant. Jupiter is my father, and I am lord of Delphos and Tenedos, and know all things, present and future. I am th e god of song and the lyre. My arrows fly true to the mark; but, alas! an arrow more fatal than mine has pierced my heart! I am the god of medicine, and know the virtues of all healing plants. Alas! I suffer a malady that no balm. can cure! The nymph continued her flight, and left his plea half uttered. And even as she fled she charmed him. The wind blew her garments, and her unbound hair streamed loose behind her. The god grew impatient to find his wooings thrown away, and, sped by Cupid, gained upon her in the race. It was like a hound pursuing a hare, with open jaws ready to seize, while the feebler animal darts forward, slipping from the very grasp. So flew the god and the virgin- he on the wings of love, and she on those of fear. The pursuer is the more rapid, however, and gains upon her, and his panting breath blows upon her hair. Her strength begins to fail, and, ready to sink, she calls upon her father, the river god: Help me, Peneus! open the earth to enclose me, or change my form, which has brought me into this danger! Scarcely had she spoken, when a stiffness seized all her limbs; her bosom began to be enclosed in a tender bark; her hair became leaves; her arms became branches; her foot stuck fast in the grou nd, as a root; her face became a tree-top, retaining nothing of its former self but its beauty, Apollo stood amazed. He touched the stem, and felt the flesh tremble under the new bark. He embraced the branches, and lavished kisses on the wood. The branches shrank from his lips. Since you cannot be my wife, said he, you shall assuredly be my tree. I will wear you for my crown; I will decorate with you my harp and my quiver; and when the great Roman conquerors lead up the triumphal pomp to the Capitol, you shall be woven into wreaths for their brows. And, as eternal youth is mine, you also shall be always green, and your leaf know no decay. The nymph, now changed into a Laurel tree, bowed its head in grateful acknowledgment. That Apollo should be the god both of music and poetry will not appear strange, but that medicine should also be assigned to his province, may. The poet Armstrong, himself a physician, thus accounts for it: Music exalts each joy, allays each grief,Expels diseases, softens every pain;And hence the wise of ancient days adoredOne power of physic, melody, and song. The story of Apollo and Daphne is of ten alluded to by the poets. Waller applies it to the case of one whose amatory verses, though they did not soften the heart of his mistress, yet won for the poet wide-spread fame: Yet what he sung in his immortal strain,Though unsuccessful, was not sung in vain.All but the nymph that should redress his wrong,Attend his passion and approve his song.Like Phoebus thus, acquiring unsought praise,He caught at love and filled his arms with bays. The following stanza from Shelleys Adonais alludes to Byrons early quarrel with the reviewers: The herded wolves, bold only to pursue;The obscene ravens, clamorous oer the dead;The vultures, to the conquerors banner true,Who feed where Desolation first has fed,And whose wings rain contagion: how they fled,When like Apollo, from his golden bow,The Pythian of the age one arrow spedAnd smiled! The spoilers tempt no second blow;They fawn on the proud feet that spurn them as they go. More Stories From Greek Mythology by Thomas Bulfinch Dragons TeethMinotaurPomegranate SeedsPyramus and Thisbe

Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Management - Assignment Example ..13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Part I 1 Cash 60000 Common Stocks 60000 2 Cash 32000 Bank Loan 32000 3 Truck 12000 Notes payables 2000 Loan payables - truck 10000 4 Office equipment 6000 Cash 6000 5 Office equipment 400 Cash 400 6 Office equipment 3600 Cash 3600 7 Inventory 60000 Cash 60000 8 Cash 340000 Account Receivables 60000 Sales 400000 CGS 240000 Inventory 240000 9 Inventory 200000 Cash 200000 10 Advertising expenses 20000 Cash 20000 11 Rent expense 7200 Utilities expense 4800 Telephone expense 1200 Employee salaries 112000 Cash 125200 12 Loan 3333 Interest expense 699 Cash 4032 13 Loan 8000 Interest expense 4160 Cash 12160 Cash Common Stocks 60000 60000 32000 6000 Bank Loan 400 32000 3600 8000 60000 Bal. 24000 340000 200000 Loan payable – Truck 20000 10000 125200 3333 4032 Bal. 6667 12160 Truck Bal. 608 12000 Office Equipment Notes Payable 6000 2000 400 3600 Bal. 10000 Inventory 60000 Account receivables 240000 60000 200000 Bal. 20000 Advertising expenses 20000 Sales Utilities expense 400000 4800 Rent expense Employee salaries 7200 112000 Telephone expense Interest expense 1200 699 4160 Cost of goods sold Bal. 4859 240000 Projected Income Statement Revenues 400000 Cost of goods sold 240000 Gross Profit 160000 Expenses Interest expense 4859 Telephone expense 1200 Employee salaries 112000 Utilities expense 4800 Rent expense 7200 Advertising expense 20000 Total expenses 150059 Net Income 9941 Projected Balance Sheet Current Assets Cash 608 Account receivables 60000 Inventory 20000 Total current assets 80608 Equipment, machinery Truck 12000 Office equipment 10000 Total equipment, machinery 22000 Total Assets 102608 Liabilities & Stockholders equity Current liabilities Notes payable 2000 Long-term liability Bank Loan 24000 Loan payable – Truck 6667 Total liabilities 32667 Common stocks 60000 Retained earnings 9941 Total equity 102608 The projected income statement of Garden Place showed the company is going to have good profitability during the upcoming year. The projected net income of the company is $9,941. The gross profit of the company is $160,000, while its gross margin is 40%. Gross margin is calculated dividing gross income by total sales. The gross margin is a measure of broad profitability (Garrison & Noreen, 2003). The net margin of the company is 2.48%. Net margin is a measure of the absolute profitability of the company. The net margin ratio is calculated dividing net income by total sales. The return on assets of Garden Place is projected to be 9.68%. Return on assets measures how profitable is a firm in relation to its assets (Investopedia, 2012). The return on equity of Garden Place is projected by be 14.21%. â€Å"Return on equity reveals how much profit a company earned in comparison to the total amount of shareholder equity found on the balanc e sheet† (Kennon, 2012). The total assets of the firm are projected to reach $102,608, while its total equity is projected to be $69,941. The current ratio of the company is projected to be 40.34. The firm’s current ratio is outstanding considering the fact that a good current ratio is one that is above the 1.0 threshold. The purpose of the current ratio is to demonstrate the ability of the company to pay off its short term debt (Investorwords, 2012). The formula to calculate current ratio is current assets divided by current liabilities. The debt